Running head: NON-SPECIFIC TRUST AND NATIONAL CULTURE Sources for Trusting Most People: How National Goals for Socializing Children Promote the Contributions Made by Trust of the In-Group and the Out-Group to Non-Specific Trust

We proposed a model suggesting how national goals for socializing children moderate the contributions made by the individual’s level of in-group trust and out-group trust to his/her level of trust in most people, viz., non-specific trust. Consistent with our hypotheses, a two-level HLM analysis of representative data across 49 countries from the World Values Survey (2005-2007) indicates that the individual’s level of trust in people known personally is a predictor of non-specific trust for persons of all national groups, but a stronger predictor in countries emphasizing socialization for Self-directedness as opposed to Other-directedness. The individual’s trust in out-groups is likewise a predictor of non-specific trust for all national groups, but a stronger predictor in countries emphasizing socialization for Self-directedness as well as for Civility as opposed to Practicality. Although trust in the family is not a significant predictor of non-specific trust across all national groups, it predicts non-specific trust in those countries characterized by socialization for Self-directedness. Our findings have important implications for the impact of variation in socialization practices for human capital formation and associated management practices across national cultures.